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For a decade now, VIOME has been the only self-managed factory in Greece, where workers control the production process. It is a node in the ongoing global struggle for rebellious dignity against the capitalist onslaught that sweeps across the planet: from Rojava to Chiapas, from the Yellow Vests in France to Black Lives Matter in the USA, from the occupied factories in Argentina to the landless movements in Brazil and South Africa, from the uprisings in Iran and Chile to struggles everywhere against the privatization of the commons and the pillaging of nature.
Seit einem Jahrzehnt ist VIOME die einzige selbstverwaltete Fabrik in Griechenland, in der die ArbeiterInnenkontrolle der Produktion praktiziert wird. Sie ist ein Knotenpunkt in einer Kette globaler Kämpfe revoltierender Menschen, die ihre Würde verteidigen gegen den kapitalistischen Frontalangriff, der über den Planeten hinwegfegt: von Rojava bis Chiapas, von den Gelbwesten Frankreichs bis zu Black Lives Matter in den USA, von den besetzten Fabriken Argentiniens bis zu den Landlosen Brasiliens und Südafrikas, von den Aufständen im Iran und Chile bis zu den allgegenwärtigen Kämpfen gegen die Privatisierung der Gemeingüter und die Plünderung der Natur.
Per un decennio, la VIOME è stata l'unica fabbrica autogestita in Grecia, dove viene praticato il controllo della produzione da parte dei lavoratori. È un nodo nel continuum delle lotte globali di dignità insorgente contro l'invasione capitalista che sta investendo il globo: dal Rojava al Chiapas, dai gilet gialli della Francia al “Black Lives Matter” negli Stati Uniti, dalle fabbriche occupate dell'Argentina ai senza terra del Brasile e della Sudafrica, dalle rivolte in Iran e Cile alle onnipresenti lotte contro la privatizzazione dei beni comuni e il saccheggio della natura.
Вот уже десять лет ВИОМЕ является единственной самоуправляемой фабрикой в Греции, где практикуется рабочий контроль производства. Это узел в континууме глобальной борьбы повстанческого достоинства против капиталистического посягательства, охватившего земной шар: от Рожавы до Чьяпаса, от французского движения «желтых жилетов» до Black Lives Matter в США, от оккупированных заводов Аргентины до безземельных рабочих Бразилии и Южной Африки, от восстаний в Иране и Чили до повсеместной борьбы против приватизации общин и ограбления природы.
Desde hace una década, VIOME es la única fábrica autogestionada en Grecia, donde se ejerce el control obrero de la producción. Es un nodo en el continuo de luchas globales de dignidad rebelde contra la embestida capitalista que barre el planeta: Desde Rojava hasta Chiapas, desde los Chalecos Amarillos de Francia hasta Black Lives Matter en EEUU, desde las fábricas recuperadas de Argentina hasta los sin tierra de Brasil y Sudáfrica, desde los levantamientos en Irán y Chile hasta las ubicuas luchas contra la privatización de los comunes y el saqueo de la naturaleza.
This article was originally written in Turkish and published in the special issue No. 50 of Devrimci Marksizm, the Turkish-language journal of theory and politics published by DIP (Revolutionary Workers Party) of Turkey in a special dossier dedicated to the critique of postmodernism. It was then translated by the author himself into English and published in the English-language annual selection of the same journal, Revolutionary Marxism 2022. Later this version was used to translate the article into Spanish by our comrade José Capitán. We are now making all three versions available to the readers of RedMed.
This article was originally written in Turkish and published in the special issue No. 50 of Devrimci Marksizm, the Turkish-language journal of theory and politics published by DIP (Revolutionary Workers Party) of Turkey in a special dossier dedicated to the critique of postmodernism. It was then translated by the author himself into English and published in the English-language annual selection of the same journal, Revolutionary Marxism 2022. This Spanish translation was done by our Venezuelan comrade José Capitán on the basis of the English version. All three versions are now being made available to the readers of RedMed.
Bu yazı ilk kez Türkçe olarak Devrimci Marksizm dergisinin 50. özel sayısında postmodernizmin eleştirisini hedefleyen bir dosya içinde yayınlanmıştı. Daha sonra yazarı tarafından çevrilerek İngilizce olarak Revolutionary Marxism dergisinin 2022 tarihini taşıyan sayısında yayınlandı. Ardından Venezuelalı yoldaşımız José Capitán tarafından İspanyolcaya çevrildi. RedMed’de her üç dilde de yayınlanıyor.
We are proud to present to our readers Issue No. 1 (16) for 2023 of Советское Возрождение. Бюллетень Ассоциации «Советский Союз» or in English Soviet Renaissance. Bulletin of the Association “Soviet Union”.
Стремление США и других стран капиталистической метрополии сохранить существующую систему глобального капитализма и свое политическое, экономическое и военное господство на планете является истинной причиной тщательно подготовленной и ведущейся Западом против России войны на Украине, фактически являющейся начальной стадией Третьей мировой войны.
Le désir des États-Unis et d'autres pays de la métropole capitaliste de préserver le système actuel du capitalisme mondial et sa domination politique, économique et militaire sur la planète est la véritable cause de la guerre soigneusement préparée et menée par l'Occident contre la Russie en Ukraine, qui est en fait le stade initial de la Troisième guerre mondiale. Les États-Unis, leurs alliés et leurs vassaux, en particulier les pays de l'OTAN, sont principalement responsables de l'augmentation des tensions internationales, du terrorisme, de la course aux armements, de la menace de guerres, y compris les interventions humanitaires, et des coups d'état, y compris militaires.
The aspiration of the United States and other capitalist metropolis countries to preserve the existing system of global capitalism and their political, economic and military dominance on the planet is the true reason for the carefully prepared and waged war by the West against Russia in Ukraine, which is actually the initial stage of the Third World War. The United States, its allies and vassals, primarily the NATO countries, bear the main responsibility for the increase in international tension, terrorism, the arms race, the threat of wars, including so-called humanitarian interventions, and state, including military, coups. The threat of new wars will be eliminated only with the elimination of global and any other capitalism, as a result of its revolutionary transformation into communism.
Finally, yesterday, Thursday 16 March, the government passed its pension reform by using again article 49-3* of the constitution.
The government had to resort to this anti-democratic article because it was not sure it could gather a majority in parliament.
This is not just another step in Macron's anti-democratic offensive but a continuation of a parliamentary process that has been accumulating, and in so doing, greatly amplifying a deep political crisis that has lasted for many years. We have long been on the verge of a rupture. It seems closer today than at any time since the Vichy regime.
Ce n’est pas seulement une étape de plus dans l’offensive anti-démocratique de Macron, dans la continuité d’un processus parlementaire qui les accumule, et ce faisant, qui amplifie de beaucoup une crise politique profonde qui dure depuis de nombreuses années. Nous sommes depuis longtemps au bord de la rupture. Celle-ci semble plus proche aujourd’hui que jamais depuis le régime de Vichy.
Один из главных выводов, звучавших не раз во многих российских СМИ в канун годовщины начала «специальной военной операции» (СВО), состоял в том, что для победы России в спровоцированной Западом войне на Украине, которая де факто является необъявленной войной Запада против России, должен быть создан и предъявлен гражданам России, Украины и всех других стран, включая страны Запада, положительный образ того, что будет после победы, в ее результате, какое новое лучшее будущее начнет создаваться общими усилиями благодаря этой победе. При этом всегда назывались те или иные достижения, черты, правильные, человечные стороны жизни Советского Союза.
L'une des principales conclusions tirées à plusieurs reprises par de nombreux médias russes à la veille de l'anniversaire du début de l'opération militaire spéciale (OMS) était que, pour que la Russie gagne la guerre provoquée par l'Occident en Ukraine, qui est de facto une guerre non déclarée de l'Occident contre la Russie, il faut créer et présenter aux citoyens de la Russie, de l'Ukraine et de tous les autres pays, y compris les pays occidentaux, une image positive de ce qui se passera après la victoire, de son résultat, quel nouvel avenir meilleur commencera à être créé par les efforts communs grâce à cette victoire. Dans le même temps, certains accomplissements, traits, aspects corrects et humains de la vie de l'Union soviétique ont toujours été appelés.
One of the main conclusions, stated more than once in many Russian media on the eve of the anniversary of the start of the Special Military Operation (SMO), was that in order for Russia to win the war provoked by the West in Ukraine, which is de facto an undeclared war of the West against Russia, it must be created and presented to citizens of Russia, Ukraine and all other countries, including Western countries, a positive image of what will happen after the victory, as a result of it, what a new better future will begin to be created by joint efforts thanks to this victory. At the same time, certain achievements, traits, and right, humane aspects of the life of the Soviet Union were always called.
We are publishing here issue No.1 for the year 2023 (Issue No. 151) of Communist of Leningrad, the bi-monthly publication of the Russian Party of Communists in Leningrad (St. Petersburg).
El 24 febrero era el aniversario del comienzo de la guerra en Ucrania. Esta ha sido una guerra salvaje, mortal y brutal. No es exagerado decir que es un espejo de la guerra más amplia, posiblemente mundial, que promete seguirle los pasos. La idea de que esta guerra es una entre democracia y autocracia nunca fue una historia creíble para los pueblos de Asia, África y América Latina, pero ahora está perdiendo su atractivo incluso entre la ciudadanía de los países imperialistas occidentales. Cada vez son más las personas que alzan la voz, sintiendo que es realmente la OTAN la que desea una prolongación de la guerra para que las fuerzas armadas rusas se debiliten y el régimen de Putin se agote. Están levantando así lentamente el velo que oculta la plena responsabilidad de la OTAN y de sus países miembros y aliados (como Israel, Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Japón) en esta guerra que se urde como parte de un plan para mantener, sea como sea el costo, la supremacía del imperialismo sobre el resto del mundo, y en particular, sobre Rusia y China. Desgraciadamente, la izquierda internacional va a la zaga de este despertar casi espontáneo de los pueblos del mundo.
11 fevral günü İrandakı keçmiş şah idarə üsulunun süqutunun ildönümüdür. 1979-cu ildə baş vermiş bu inqilab İslam Cümhuriyyətinin hazırda təlqin etdiyi kimi Ayətullah Xomeyninin islamçı qüvvələri sayəsində deyil, əksəriyyəti İran solunun sıralarında təşkil olunmuş milyonlarla fəhlə, şəhər yoxsulu, kəndli, gənc, qadın və digər bir çoxlarının fədakaranə mübarizələri nəticəsində qalib gəlmişdir. Biz həmin milyonların inqilabi şücaətini və şövqünü salamlayırıq. Buna baxmayaraq, solun buraxdığı dəhşətli səhvlər ucbatından Xomeyni qüvvələri inqilabın rəhbərliyini ələ keçirərək İslam Cümhuriyyətini bərqərar etmişdir.
این نامه ی سرگشاده، نقد جزئی ولی به اعتقاد ما حیاتی و ارزیابی است از منشور مشترک مطالبات اساسی صادر شده توسط بیست سازمان مستقل کارگری و اجتماعی که در درون خیزش “زن، زندگی، آزادی” مردم ایران در پنج ماه اخیر در حال مبارزه بوده اند. این نامه توسط حزب کارگر انقلابی که حزب بین المللی طبقه ی کارگر واقع در ترکیه ، کشور همسایه ی ایران است، نوشته شده است. حزبی که از همان روزهای اول خیزش مردمی ایران به طور جدی و سرسختانه از آن حمایت کرده است. از این رو این نامه با روحیه ایی کاملا دوستانه نوشته شده وبایستی تنهت به عنوان گوشزد تلقی شود نه به عنوان حمله به جنبش.
This Open Letter is an assessment and a partial but, we believe, vital critique of the Joint Charter of Basic Demands issued by 20 independent working-class and social organisations that have been fighting within the Iranian rebellion “Woman, life, freedom” for over five months. It is written on behalf of DIP (Revolutionary Workers Party), an internationalist working-class party from Turkey, a country neighbouring Iran, a party that has unswervingly supported the Iranian popular rebellion since its first day. It is, hence, written in a completely friendly spirit and should be taken as a warning plea and not an assault on the movement.
20 independent trade union and social organizations, representing workers, teachers, women, students and pensioners have issued a Joint Charter of Basic Demands. Taking the strength and resilience of the “woman, life, freedom” popular rebellion, which has been continuing unabated for over five months, as their point of departure, they put forward demands in many areas of social, economic, and political life. The totality of these demands indicates the will-power to dismantle the Islamic Republic and march towards a refoundation of Iranian society and state on new bases.
Today is the anniversary of the beginning of the war in Ukraine. This has been a savage, deadly, brutal war. It is no exaggeration to say that it holds a mirror to the broader, possibly worldwide war that promises to follow on its heels. The idea that this war is one between democracy and autocracy was never a credible story to the peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, but is now losing its lure even among the citizenship of the Western imperialist countries. More and more people are raising their voices, feeling that it is really NATO that wishes for a prolongation of the war so that the Russian armed forces are weakened and the Putin regime exhausted. They are thus slowly lifting the veil that hides the full responsibility of NATO and its member and allied countries (such as Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan) in this war that is contrived as part of a plan to maintai
ما پیامی روشن به مردم ایران داریم. حزب کارگر انقلابی ترکیه همبستگی کاملی با زنان ایرانی در مبارزه اشان علیه حکومتی که طرز عبادت و اعتقادات مذهبی خود را به عنوان یک قانون به اشخاص تحمیل می کند دارد. حزب کارگر انقلابی همبستگی خود را با جوانانی که علیه خفقان حاکم بر زندگی اشان میجنگند اعلام میکند. حزب کارگر انقلابی در همبستگی با تمام ملت های ایرانی می ایستد که از ملاها به همان اندازه که از سلطنت شاه رنج میبردند رنج میبرند. حزب کارگر انقلابی در همبستگی با تمام مردم ایران که برای کرامت انسانی، آزادی و نان مبارزه می کنند می ایستد.
و از همه مهمتر حزب کارگر انقلابی در همبستگی با طبقه ی کارگر ایران و با رهبران طبقه ی کارگر که در تلاش برای پیشبرد خیزش توده ایی برای تحقق کامل انقلاب است ایستاده است.
44 years from the victory of the Iranian Revolution that overthrew the tyranny of the Shah Reza Pahlavi, giving a historic blow to imperialism that has transformed the geopolitical map of the Middle East, the Islamic Republic of Iran finds itself between the threatening imperialist hammer and the anvil of an internal popular upheaval following the murder of the 22 years old Kurdish woman, Jina Mahsa Amini, by the Ershad(‘Morality’) Police of the theocratic regime.
The international working class and all liberation and emancipatory movements should defend the people of Iran against imperialism and stand in solidarity to its heroic struggle against oppression, corruption and inequality, for bread and freedom.
11 Şubat, 1979’da İran’daki Şah rejiminin çökmesinin yıldönümü. İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin şimdi iddia ettiğinin aksine bu devrim Ayetullah Humeyni’nin İslamcı güçlerince değil, çoğunluğu sol saflarda örgütlenmiş milyonlarca işçinin, kent yoksulunun, köylünün, gencin, kadının ve başka birçoklarının özverili mücadelesiyle kazanılmıştır. Bu milyonların devrimci cesaretini ve ateşini selamlıyoruz. Ancak solun korkunç hataları yüzünden Humeyni güçleri devrimin liderliğini ele geçirip İslam Cumhuriyeti’ni yaratmıştır.
Today, 11 February, is the anniversary of the collapse of the Shah’s regime in Iran back in 1979, in a revolution that was won thanks not only to the Islamist forces of Ayetollah Khomeini, as the Islamic Republic would have us believe now, but to the selfless struggle of millions of workers, urban poor, peasants, youth, women and others, most of them organised in the ranks of the Iranian left. We salute the revolutionary courage and fervour of those millions. However, because of the horrible mistakes made by the left, the Khomeini forces took over the leadership of that revolution and created the Islamic Republic.
آیا برای یک کارگر چیزی ارزشمندتر از امنیت شغلی دائمی وجود دارد؟ آیا موقعی که معضل بیکاری برطرف شده و با کمبود کارگر جایگزین شود، می تواند برای کارگران وضعیت بهتری باشد؟ آیا در شرایطی که جامعه با کمبود نیروی کار مواجه شود جامعه کارگران را گرامی نخواهد داشت؟ آیا کارگران به امکانات ورزشی، باشگاههایی که قهرمانان جهان را در تمامی عرصه پرورش می دهد، کتابهای ارزان قیمتی که به هر گوشه و کنار کشور حتی روستاهای دور افتاده برسد و یک سیستم آموزشی قوی برای آموزش خانوادههای آنها نیاز ندارند؟ یک کارگر سالخورده چه چیزی می طلبد؟ آیا چیزی که می خواهد یک سیستم مراقبت بهداشتی رایگان و با کیفیت متکی بر دانش پزشکی پیشرفته، نیست؟ آیا چیزی که می خواهد یک سیستم بازنشستگی نیست که به آنها اجازه دهد بدون هیچ ترسی ، واهمه ای از آینده خود زندگی کنند؟ چقدر مهم است برای زنان به اصطلاح خانه دار که سخت ترین کارها را انجام می دهند تا باری که بروی دوش آنها است از طریق مهدکودک ها، خشکشویی ها و سالن های غذاخوری جمعی، برداشته شود، و همچنین حق بازنشستگی به آنها داده شود تا بدین وسیله بدون وابستگی مالی به شوهرانشان در مورد زندگی خود تصمیم بگیرند؟
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a state established by Lenin in 1922 as a state for the international working class, including Muslim and Turkic peoples. The USSR provided permanent job security, free education, quality healthcare and retirement benefits to its citizens. It allowed for the modernization of Muslim and Turkic peoples, promoting secularism, education and cultural development. The USSR dissolved in 1991 due to difficulties in surviving as a socialist country in a capitalist-dominated world. Today, the world is facing a crisis under capitalism and socialism is back on the agenda of the working class. The victory of socialism requires political independence of the working class and a state without geographical or national references, uniting all workers of the world.
Bir işçi için hayat boyu iş güvencesinden daha önemli bir şey var mıdır? İşçi sınıfının bütünü için işsizlik illetinin ortadan kalktığı, tam tersine ekonomide işgücü eksikliğinin hissedildiği durumdan daha iyisi olabilir mi? İşgücü eksiği olunca toplum işçiyi el üstünde tutmak zorunda kalmaz mı? İşçinin köylünün çocuğu için her köye kadar uzanmış sapasağlam bir eğitim sistemi, spor olanakları, ergen yaşına geldiğinde ucuz kitap, her mahallede, her fabrikada spor kulüpleri, bütün sporlarda dünya şampiyonları yetiştiren bir sistem en çok ihtiyaç duyduğu şeyler değil midir?
Στις 30 Δεκεμβρίου 1922, πριν από ακριβώς 100 χρόνια, ιδρύθηκε ένα κράτος που δεν είχε προηγούμενο στην ιστορία. Ούτε αυτοκράτορας ούτε Καίσαρας, ούτε βασιλιάς ούτε εμίρης, ούτε σάχης ούτε σουλτάνος, ούτε καρδινάλιος ούτε χαλίφης, ούτε πλούσιοι καπιταλιστές κυβερνούσαν αυτό το κράτος. Για πρώτη φορά στην ιστορία, οι καταπιεσμένοι έγιναν η κυρίαρχη τάξη που κυβερνούσε το κράτος. Ολόκληρη η δομή του κράτους είχε αναδιαμορφωθεί αναλόγως.
2022 oli hyvin dramaattinen taitekohta maailmanhistoriassa - Zeitenwende, aikakauden käänne, kuten Saksan liittokansleri Olaf Scholz kutsui Naton sijaissodan puhkeamista Ukrainan ja Venäjän välille viime vuoden helmikuun 24. päivänä. 2022 koko geopoliittinen, sosiaalinen, poliittinen ja taloudellinen rakenne on muuttunut. Se jatkaa muuttumista, suuntanaan kartoittamattomat melskeet ja kolmannen maailmansodan kurimus.
2023 alkaa “Zeitenwenden ajan aamunkoitolla”, kuten Bloombergin analyytikot sen nimesivät; uusi myrskyisä monien yhteenottojen aikakausi kautta maailman. Mihin maailma on menossa tässä uudessa eskaloituvan kriisin, sosiaalisen myllerryksen, sotien ja vallankumousten ajassa?
1. 2022 fue el año del punto de inflexión más dramático de la historia mundial: un Zeitenwende, un giro en el curso del tiempo histórico, como el canciller alemán Olaf Scholz denominó el estallido de la guerra de poder de la OTAN con Rusia en Ucrania el 24 de febrero, el año pasado. A lo largo de 2022, toda la configuración geopolítica, política, social, económica del mundo ha cambiado y continúa cambiando, adentrándose en territorio desconocido y poniendo a la humanidad al borde del abismo de una Tercera Guerra Mundial.
Last Thursday 19 January 2023 a demonstration was organised in many cities of France to oppose the governmental project of destruction of the current pension system. This is the 8th offensive of the bourgeoisie against our pensions since 1995. The CGT counted about 400,000 demonstrators in Paris, more than 100,000 in Marseille, 50,000 in Nantes and Toulouse, but also more than 10,000 in many medium-sized cities of the country as unaccustomed to strong mobilisations as Nice or Perpignan, which both gathered 20,000 demonstrators. That's between one and two million in the whole country. It's been a long time since we've seen such a participation. It's because the attack on the working class by the bourgeoisie is on a massive scale.
Jeudi dernier 19 janvier 2023 une manifestation était organisée dans plusieurs villes de France dans l’objectif de s’opposer au projet gouvernemental de destruction de l’actuel système de retraites. Il s’agit de la 8ème offensive de la bourgeoisie contre nos retraites depuis 1995. La CGT a dénombré environ 400 000 manifestants à Paris, plus de 100 000 à Marseille, 50 000 à Nantes et Toulouse, mais aussi plus de 10 000 dans de nombreuses villes moyennes du pays aussi peu habituées des fortes mobilisations que Nice ou Perpignan, qui ont toutes deux rassemblé 20 000 manifestants. Soit entre un et deux millions dans tout le pays. Il y a longtemps que l’on n’avait plus vu une telle participation. C’est que l’attaque de la classe ouvrière par la bourgeoisie est de très grande ampleur.
2022 was the Year of the most dramatic inflection point of world history- a Zeitenwende, a turn of the course of historical time as famously the German Chancellor Olaf Scholz has called the eruption of the NATO proxy war with Russia in Ukraine on February 24, last year. Throughout 2022 the entire geopolitical, political, social, economic, configuration of the world has changed and continues to change, moving into uncharted territory and bringing humanity at the brink of the abyss of a Third World War.
2023 begins in “the Dawning of the Age of Zeitenwende”, as the US Bloomberg analysts named it (Andreas Kluth, What to expect in 2023, December 23, 2022), a new tumultuous era of multiple confrontations worldwide. Where the world is going in this new era of escalating crisis, social upheaval and struggle, of war and revolutions?
1979-cu il inqilabından sonra İranın teokratik despotizmi hakimiyyətini möhkəmləndirən kimi özünə müxalif olanları bir-bir aradan qaldırdı. İslam Respublikası ilə ən xırda bir konflikti olan hər kəs ölkənin siyasi sferasından çəkilməyə məcbur edildi. İlk növbədə iri təşkilatlar və partiyalar ləğv olundu, sonra isə dövlət öz təşkilatlarını elə bir surətdə genişləndirdi ki, cəmiyyətin ən xırda hüceyrələrinə belə sirayət etdi. Məsələn, 1980-ci ildə bədnam Bəsic qüvvələri Xomeyninin hökmü ilə təşkil olundu. Hazırda “20 milyonluq güclü ordu” kimi adlandırılan Bəsic qüvvələri məhəllələrdən tutmuş universitetlərə qədər hər yerdə fəallıq göstərir.
The theocratic tyranny in Iran eliminated its opposition one by one after solidifying its grip on power in the wake of the 1979 revolution. Anyone who had the tiniest conflict with the Islamic Republic was forced to withdraw from the political sphere. At first, the larger parties and organizations were disbanded, and later it spread its own organizations so that even the smallest cells of the society were dominated. For example, the infamous Basij forces were founded by Khomeini’s government in 1980. Today Basij forces, the so-called ”20 million strong army”, recruit everywhere from neighbourhoods to universities.
The list of regime’s organizations goes from the small communities of village mosques to bigger ones like the “workers’ houses”. The student organizations were all but eliminated under harsh repression. Hence the opposition was reduced to disorganized, scattered groups and individuals. Such individuals often had to leave the country after ending up in regime courts.
. La historia mundial está indeleblemente marcada por el papel central desempeñado por la Unión Soviética en la interacción y la configuración de los acontecimientos mundiales, desde sus comienzos revolucionarios, después de la Revolución Socialista de Octubre de 1917 que sacudió al mundo, hasta su colapso catastrófico en 1991, e incluso mas alla.
La humanidad aún vive con el impacto y las consecuencias de la disolución de la URSS. La sombra de 1991, lo que el filósofo francés Alain Badiou llamó “un desastre obscur” (una catástrofe oscura), aún cae sobre los desarrollos y perspectivas globales. Ha provocado una "desorientación del mundo" generalizada hasta ahora, como acertadamente observó el mismo filósofo. Cada vez más, el mundo está dividido por sus propias contradicciones y conflictos cada vez mayores a fines del siglo XX, a medida que avanzamos en el siglo XXI y se vuelve cada vez más confuso.