Articles
Uluslararası “Hristo Rakovski” Sosyalist Merkezi ve RedMed İnternet Ağı tarafından düzenlenen Yüz Yıl Sonra Lenin’in Mirası Uluslararası Konferansı’na hoşgeldiniz!
Bugün, 21 Ocak 2024 günü, yani Büyük 1917 Ekim Sosyalist Devrimi’nin önderi Vladimir İlyiç Lenin’in sonsuzluğa uğurlanmasının tam yüzüncü yılında paylaşacağımız düşünceler, onun devrimci mirasının üzerine müthiş ihtiyaç duyduğumuz taze ve kolektif bir kafa yürütmenin başlangıcıdır. Bu yaptığımız, “zararsız bir sembolü”n ya da fosilleşmiş ölü bir dogmaya indirgenmiş bir mirasın resmi kutlaması değildir. Asla kurumamış bir kaynağa diyalektik ve eleştirel bir biçimde dönmemiz gerekiyor. Bu kaynak, bugün hâlen işçi sınıfının kendini özgürlüğe kavuşturması için, sömürülen ve baskı altında yaşayan insanlığın kurtuluşu için savaşmakta olanlar için vazgeçilmez bir devrimci teorik ve pratik ilham ve yaratıcılık kaynağıdır. İşte bu ruhla biz, 2024 yılını Lenin Yılı ilan ediyoruz!
Pero el legado de Lenin o no ha sido comprendido, ha sido negado deliberadamente o ha sido rechazado silenciosamente. Con esto no nos referimos a la contribución de Lenin al programa marxista, al concepto de estrategia, a los métodos organizativos, especialmente al partido revolucionario y a la teoría. Éstas son conocidas y discutidas, sean verdaderas o falsas. Lo que queremos decir es otra cosa. La práctica revolucionaria de Lenin desde el comienzo de la Guerra Mundial, es decir, durante la última década de su vida (1914-1924), permitió el surgimiento de una visión programática y estratégica completamente original para hacer avanzar la revolución mundial. Es a esta visión estratégica a la que nos referimos cuando hablamos del legado que ha sido ignorado o negado durante los últimos cien años.
Большинство тех, кто оценивает место и роль Эвальда Васильевича Ильенкова (1924 - 1979) в советской философии, называет его либо наиболее выдающимся, либо одним из наиболее выдающихся подлинно марксистских философов в СССР. По мнению С. Н. Мареева Ильенков «принадлежал к немногочисленной плеяде выдающихся философов-марксистов, которые творчески развивали революционную науку, несмотря на сложившийся в СССР шестьдесят лет назад режим, так сказать, наименьшего благоприятствования» [11, С. 57]. Согласно В. М. Межуеву «по истечении времени, место, занимаемое им в нашей философии, стало более отчетливым и определенным. Он — последний, как мне представляется, оригинальный мыслитель в общей истории марксистской философии на русской почве (первым, возможно, был Г. В. Плеханов).
Most of those who describes the place and role of Evald Vasilyevich Ilyenkov (1924 - 1979) in Soviet philosophy call him either the most outstanding or one of the most outstanding truly Marxist philosophers in the USSR (see, for example: Mareev 1990: 57, Mezhuyev 1997). His main contribution is considered to be the rediscovery and development of the materialist philosophy of K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin, primarily Marxist dialectics. In particular, Ilyenkov's book The Dialectic of the Abstract and Concrete in K. Marx's Capital “can be compared with Hegel's Science of Logic in terms of its significance for modern Marxist dialectics and the depth of the topics covered in it” (Kurochkin 2009). Therefore, the significance of Ilyenkov's philosophy, “his creative activity for Russian philosophical, more precisely, Marxist thought (if we understand Marxism as the highest synthesis of the entire previous development of human thinking) is difficult to overestimate – it was clear even during Ilyenkov's lifetime” (Kurochkin 2009).
Συγκεντρωθήκαμε εδώ από πέντε ηπείρους στην εκατονταετηρίδα του θανάτου του Λένιν για να συζητήσουμε την κληρονομιά του, γιατί μας ενδιαφέρει περισσότερο το μέλλον παρά το παρελθόν ή, μάλλον, μας ενδιαφέρει αυτό το παρελθόν στο βαθμό που μας διδάσκει για το μέλλον. Γι’ αυτό η κληρονομιά τού Λένιν σημαίνει τόσα πολλά για ‘μάς και θέλουμε να συζητήσουμε γι’ αυτήν.
Οι συνεδριάσεις μας σήμερα, 21 Ιανουαρίου, 2024, ακριβώς 100 χρόνια από τη μέρα που ο Βλαντιμίρ Ίλιτς Λένιν, ο ηγέτης της Μεγάλης Οκτωβριανής Σοσιαλιστικής Επανάστασης του 1917 πέρασε στην αιωνιότητα, σηματοδοτούν την έναρξη ενός πολύ αναγκαίου, φρέσκου, συλλογικού αναστοχασμού της επαναστατικής του κληρονομιάς. Δεν είναι ένας τυπικός εορτασμός ενός “ακίνδυνου ειδώλου”, μιας κληρονομιάς που μετατράπηκε σε αποστεωμένο, νεκρό δόγμα. Χρειαζόμαστε μια νέα διαλεκτική-κριτική στροφή στην ιστορική της πηγή, που δεν έχει καθόλου στερέψει. Παραμένει μια απαραίτητη πηγή έμπνευσης και δημιουργικότητας για την επαναστατική θεωρία και πράξη, για όλους αυτούς που σήμερα παλεύουν για την αυτοχειραφέτηση της εργατικής τάξης, για την απελευθέρωση της εκμεταλλευόμενης και καταπιεσμένης ανθρωπότητας. Με αυτό το πνεύμα, θέλουμε να κηρύξουμε αυτό το έτος, το 2024, ως το Έτος Λένιν!
Πολλοί συμμετέχοντες από όλες τις Ηπείρους, από την Αμερική μέχρι την Αυστραλία στους Αντίποδες, από όλα τα μέρη της Ευρώπης και της Ρωσίας μέχρι την Αφρική, τη Μέση Ανατολή και την Ασία, συμμετείχαν σε αυτήν τη συλλογική και ανοιχτή μαρξιστική επανεξέταση του ιστορικού ρόλου, της συμβολής και της επικαιρότητας της κληρονομιάς του Βλαντιμίρ Ι. Λένιν, ηγέτη των Μπολσεβίκων και αρχιτέκτονα της νίκης της Οκτωβριανής Σοσιαλιστικής Επανάστασης του 1917.
What does Lenin's legacy mean one hundred years after the Bolshevik leader's death? The October Revolution made it possible for Finland to establish an independent bourgeois state with Lenin's approval. The agreements of Brest Litovsk, the naive and inexperienced leadership of the working class in Finland, and the intervention of the Germans contributed to the fact that Lenin handed over the document of independence not to the representatives of the workers, as he would have liked, but to the bourgeoisie. The civil war that started right after that and the defeat of the Reds sent the rebels underground, to prisons, concentration camps or Soviet Russia.
Hristo Rakovski Uluslararası Sosyalist Merkezi ve RedMed İnternet ağı, Lenin’in ölümünün 100. yılında uluslararası bir konferans ile anma gerçekleştirdi. 5 kıtadan konuşmacıları bir araya getiren bu çevrimiçi etkinliğin uluslararası boyutu, mütevazı da olsa Lenin yoldaşın enternasyonalist mirasına uygun olarak biçimlendi. Konferans 21 Ocak’ta toplandı, ama katılım dünyanın dört bir yanından olduğu için başlangıç saatleri oldukça çeşitliydi: açılış konuşması yapılırken kimi katılımcı için 21 Ocağın ilk ışıkları daha yeni ufukta görünmüştü, kimi için ise neredeyse gece yarısı olmuştu.
On January 21, 2024, exactly a hundred years from Lenin’s death, an online international conference dedicated to his legacy successfully took place, organized by the International Socialist Center “Christian Rakovsky” and the RedMed web network.
Many participants from all Continents, from the Americas to the Antipodes, Australia, from all parts of Europe and Russia to Africa, the Middle East and Asia have joined this collective and open Marxist rethinking on the historical role, contribution and actuality of the legacy of Vladimir I. Lenin, the Bolshevik leader and architect of the victory of the October 1917 Socialist Revolution.
We are gathered here from five continents on the centenary of Lenin’s death in order to discuss his legacy, because we are interested more in the future than in the past or, rather, we are interested in this past to the extent that it teaches us about the future. That is why Lenin’s legacy means so much to us and we wish to discuss it.
And yet this legacy is ingenuously misunderstood or deliberately denied or surreptitiously rejected. By this I do not mean the overall immense contribution he made to the Marxist programme, strategy, method of organisation, in particular of the revolutionary party, and theory. Lenin’s revolutionary practice from the Great War on, that is during his last decade (1914-1924), gave rise to an entirely original programmatic and strategic vision for the advance of world revolution. It is this strategic vision that has been ignored or denied for the last one hundred years.
Devrimci İşçi Partisi’nin de mensubu olduğu Hristo Rakovski Uluslararası Sosyalist Merkezi ve RedMed internet ağı, geçtiğimiz Pazar günü, 21 Ocak 2024’te, Lenin’in ölümünün 100. yıldönümünde, “100 Yıl Sonra Lenin’in Mirası” başlığıyla uluslararası çevrimiçi bir konferans düzenlediler. Dokuz saat süren ve sonunda Filistin sorununa ilişkin özel bir oturum düzenlenen konferans, katılan herkesin ortak kanısına göre son derece başarılı geçti. Konferansın genel gidişatını değerlendiren bir yazıya pek yakında sitemizde yer vereceğiz. Konferansın açılışında Yunanistan EEK (İşçilerin Devrimci Partisi) Genel Sekreteri Savas Mihail-Matsas Rakovski Merkezi adına, yoldaşımız Sungur Savran ise RedMed adına birer açılış konuşması yaptılar. Savas yoldaşımızın konuşmasının metninin Türkçeye çevirisi tamamlandığında onu da yayınlayacağız. Aşağıda Sungur yoldaşımızın konuşmasının metnini yayınlıyoruz.
Queridos Comrades, товарищи, compañeros y compañeras, camarades, compagni e compagne, yoldaşlar, σύντροφοι και συντρόφισσες
¡Bienvenidos a la Conferencia Internacional sobre el legado de Lenin 100 años después, organizada por el Centro Socialista Internacional “Christian Rakovsky” y la red web RedMed!
Welcome to the International Conference on Lenin’s Legacy 100 Years On organized by the International Socialist Center “Christian Rakovsky” and the RedMed web network!
Our deliberations today, January 21, 2024, exactly 100 years from the day when Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the leader of the Great October 1917 Socialist Revolution passed away to eternity, marks the beginning of a much needed, fresh, collective reflection on his revolutionary legacy. It is not a formal celebration of a “harmless icon”, of a legacy reduced into a fossilized, dead dogma. We need a new dialectical-critical turn to a historical source, which is not at all dried up. It remains an indispensable source of inspiration and creativity for revolutionary theory and practice for all those who today fight for the self-emancipation of the working class, for the liberation of the exploited and oppressed humanity. With this spirit, we want to declare this year 2024 as the Year Lenin!
El Centro Socialista Internacional Christian Rakovsky y RedMed Web Network conmemoraron el centenario del fallecimiento de Vladimir Ilitch Lenin con una conferencia internacional. La dimensión internacional del evento en línea, que reunió a oradores de cinco continentes, fue un homenaje modesto pero apropiado al legado internacionalista del camarada Lenin. La conferencia se reunió el 21 de enero, aunque la hora de inicio varió para los participantes debido a la gran variedad de países representados: cuando se pronunciaron las palabras de apertura, para algunos participantes apenas habían aparecido las primeras luces del 21 de enero; para otros, era casi medianoche.
International Socialist Center Christian Rakovsky and RedMed Web Network marked the centenary of the passing of Vladimir Ilitch Lenin with an international conference. The international dimension of the online event, which brought together speakers from five continents, was a modest yet fitting tribute to the internationalist legacy of comrade Lenin. The conference met on the 21st of January, although the starting time varied for participants due to the great variety of countries represented – as the opening remarks were uttered, for some participants the first lights of January 21st had barely appeared; for others, it was almost midnight.
Lenin’s Legacy 100 years on
Online conference organized by
International Socialist Center Christian Rakovsky and RedMed web network
21 January 2024 is the centenary of the death of Vladimir Ilich Lenin, one of the greatest leaders of the international working class. At DIP (Revolutionary Workers’ Party, Turkey) and at the International Socialist Centre Christian Rakovsky, this is the Lenin Year for us.
Why? Because Lenin fought all his life for the poor, exploited and oppressed classes and strata of humanity, starting of course with the working class. He is the great leader who led to its triumph the revolution in Russia that started in February 1917 and struggled to expand this triumph to the continents of Europe and Asia. Most importantly, he is a leader of the international proletariat, the bearer of the emancipation of the human race.
We are publishing here issue No.6 for the year 2023 (Issue No. 156) of Communist of Leningrad, the bi-monthly publication of the Russian Party of Communists in Leningrad (St. Petersburg).
2022 yılı Azerbaycan’daki iktidar rejimi için birçok fırsat yarattı. Şöyle ki 2022’de siyasi iktidar hem “Medya hakkında” hem de “Siyasi partiler hakkında” yeni kanun tasarılarını yürürlüğe koymayı başardı.
2021 yılının sonlarına doğru hükümetin açıkladığı “Medya hakkında” yeni kanun tasarısı ülkede sınırlı imkanlarla sürdürülmeye çalışılan serbest gazetecilik faaliyetini doğrudan devlete bağlama teşebbüslerinin işaretiydi. Yeni kanun tasarısı gazetecilere ve medya kuruluşlarına hükümetin doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak mahkemelerde dava açabilmesine imkân sağlıyordu. Kanun tasarısı 2022 yılın 8 Şubat tarihinden itibaren yürürlüğe girmişti.
2022-ci il Azərbaycandakı hakim rejim üçün xeyli əlverişli dəyişikliklərə şahid oldu. Belə ki, cari ildə siyasi hakimiyyət həm “Media haqqında”, həm də “Siyasi partiyalar haqqında” yeni qanun lahiyələrinin qüvvəyə minməsinə nail oldu.
2021-ci ilin sonlarında hökumətin açıqladığı “Media haqqında” yeni qanun lahiyəsi ölkədə məhdud imkanlarla həyata keçirilməyə çalışılan müstəqil jurnalizm fəaliyyətini birbaşa dövlətə bağlamaq cəhdlərindən xəbər verirdi. Yeni qanun lahiyəsi hökumətə imkan verirdi ki, jurnalistləri və media quruluşlarını birbaşa və ya dolayı yolla məhkəmələrdə cinayət məsuliyyətinə cəlb edə bilsin. Bu qanun lahiyəsi 2022-ci il fevralın 8-dən qüvvəyə minmişdi.
We are proud to present to our readers Issue No. 4 (19) for 2023 of Советское Возрождение, Бюллетень Ассоциации «Советский Союз» or in English Soviet Renaissance, Bulletin of the Association “Soviet Union”.
We are publishing here issue No.5 for the year 2023 (Issue No. 155) of Communist of Leningrad, the bi-monthly publication of the Russian Party of Communists in Leningrad (St. Petersburg).
There are friendships that are temporary; there are also friendships that live forever, beyond even the abyss of death. Alexander Vladimirovich Buzgalin was, is, and will always be my friend and comrade in the struggle for universal human emancipation, the realm of freedom, and communism. For me, as well as for a great number of others all over the world who had the privilege to forge a real friendship with him, our Sasha will always tell us the immortal verses of Velimir Khlebnikov.
1 El levantamiento armado palestino del 7 de octubre de 2023 que rompió –literal y metafóricamente– las barreras de la ocupación que rodean a Gaza, martirizada durante mucho tiempo, marca un punto de ruptura en Medio Oriente y la política mundial.
Después de décadas, impuso una derrota humillante al ejército de ocupación israelí, expuso no sólo el fracaso de la todopoderosa y armada inteligencia israelí de alta tecnología sino, sobre todo, la quiebra del gobierno sionista de extrema derecha de Netanyahu y de todo el proyecto sionista. y el colonialismo de los invasores ocupantes. La enorme conmoción de la conciencia de masas de la propia población judía israelí, frente a las víctimas civiles, los muertos y los rehenes, viene acompañada del reconocimiento de que la ocupación y la represión del pueblo palestino por un “Estado judío” supremacista no puede proporcionar ningún “refugio nacional para judíos” sino una trampa mortal y un desastre.
Uzun zamandır acı çektirilen Gazze’yi çevreleyen işgal duvarlarını sembolik ve fiilî anlamda yıkıp geçen 7 Ekim 2023 tarihli Filistin silahlı ayaklanması, Ortadoğu ve dünya politikasında bir kırılma noktasına işaret ediyor.
Bu ayaklanma, seneler sonra işgalci İsrail ordusunu utanç verici bir yenilgiye uğratarak yalnız tepeden tırnağa yüksek teknolojik donanımlı ve silahlı İsrail istihbaratının zayıflığını değil, en başta aşırı sağcı Siyonist Netanyahu hükümetinin ve bir bütün olarak yerleşimci-sömürgeci Siyonist projenin iflasını gün yüzüne çıkardı. Sivil kayıpların, ölümlerin ve esirlerin İsrailli Yahudi nüfusun toplumsal bilincinde yarattığı müthiş şok, Yahudi üstünlükçü bir “Yahudi Devleti”nin uyguladığı işgalin ve Filistin halkına zulmün Yahudiler için “ulusal bir sığınak” yaratamayacağının, olsa olsa ölümcül bir tuzak ve felaket anlamına geleceğinin anlaşılmasını da getiriyor.
Η παλαιστινιακή ένοπλη έφοδος της 7ης Οκτωβρίου 2023 σπάζοντας –κυριολεκτικά και μεταφορικά– τα φράγματα της κατοχής γύρω από τη μαρτυρική για πάρα πολύ καιρό Γάζα σηματοδοτεί μια τομή στις εξελίξεις στη Μέση Ανατολή και την παγκόσμια πολιτική.
On Saturday morning, October 7, the Hamas-affiliated Al-Qassam Brigades launched an offensive against the Zionist state in response to the recent escalation of Israeli massacres against Palestinians. A large number of rockets were fired from Gaza into the Israeli-occupied territories, while Palestinian forces crossed the declared borders enforced by Israel and entered some towns, such as Sderot, inflicting significant casualties on the enemy. In the following hours, other Palestinian factions, such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and Islamic Jihad, issued statements of support for the operation. Hamas also called on Palestinian resistance fighters in Lebanon to mobilize against the Zionists.
Hamas’a bağlı El Kassâm Tugayları 7 Ekim Cumartesi sabahı, işgalci İsrail'in son dönemde Filistinlilere yönelik artan katliamlarına bir yanıt olarak, Siyonist devlete karşı bir saldırı başlattı. Gazze’den çok sayıda roket işgalci İsrail’in elindeki topraklara atılırken, Filistin güçleri İsrail’in ilan ettiği sınırı geçerek Siderod gibi bazı kentlere girdi ve düşmana önemli kayıplar verdirdi. İlerleyen saatlerde Filistin Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi (FHKC) ve İslamî Cihad gibi diğer Filistinli gruplar da harekâta destek açıklamalarında bulundular. Hamas, Lübnan’daki Filistinli direnişçileri de Siyonistlere karşı harekete geçmeye çağırdı.
Filistin Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi (FHKC) bir bildiri yayınlayarak bütün dünyanın “kurtuluş hareketlerini, siyasi partileri, sendikaları, aktivistleri ve vicdan sahibi insanları” Filistin davasına pratik mücadele yöntemleriyle destek olmaya çağırdı. FHKC’nin Devrimci İşçi Partisi’ne de yolladığı bildirinin Türkçesini aşağıda yayınlıyoruz.
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) has issued an appeal to the entire world to engage in practical solidarity with the Palestinian cause. The PFLP has sent the statement to DIP (Revolutionary Workers Party) as well as other organisations around the world and we are publishing it here in full support of the appeal.
It is with indignation, but not with shock, we learned that the reactionary Minister of Interior, Gérald Darmanin launched an investigation for the apology of terrorism against your party, and banned the projection of the documentary Fedayeen by Bas-Rhin section of the NPA. It is obvious, to us and to everyone who did not lose their every modicum of sense in the face of imperialist lies, what they call apology of terrorism is nothing but internationalist solidarity with the resistance of the Palestinian people facing imminent genocide, under thunderous applause of the imperialist world that they euphemistically call the international community. Yet, as thousands of people taking the streets today in Paris notwithstanding interdiction showed, the heart and minds of the toiling people, in France as elsewhere, remain with Palestine. In this challenging moment, let us extend the heartfelt solidarity of the Revolutionary Workers Party of Turkey (DIP), dear comrades, to NPA and all its militants.
After decades, it imposed a humiliating defeat to the Israeli occupying army, exposed not only the failure of the all-powerful, high tech armed Israeli intelligence but above all of the bankruptcy of the far-right Zionist Netanyahu government and of the entire Zionist project and settler colonialism. The enormous shock of the mass consciousness of the Israeli Jewish population itself, in front of the civil casualties, dead and hostages, comes with recognition that occupation and repression of the Palestinian people by a supremacist “Jewish State” cannot provide any “national haven for Jews” but a deadly trap and disaster.
Qarabağ müharibəsinin son mərhələsi başa çatdıqdan sonra Gerçək qəzeti bu müharibənin Qarabağın erməni əhalisinə qarşı zülmə və qırğına çevrilməsi potensialını vurğulamışdı. Aradan ötən qısa müddətdə bu potensial reallaşdı. Bilavasitə bir qırğının baş verdiyinə dair təzahürdə heç nə yoxdur. Azərbaycan hökuməti hərbi qələbənin ictimaiyyətlə əlaqələr rüsvayçılığına çevrilməməsi üçün çox böyük cəhdlər göstərir. Ötən yazımızda qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, Azərbaycanın qələbəsindən dərhal sonra prezident İlham Əliyev Qarabağı regionda yaşayan ermənilər üçün də cənnətə çevirmək istədiyini bildirmişdi. Üstəlik bir sıra Qərb ölkələrindən və BMT-dən müşahidəçilərin regiona gəlməsini qəbul etmişdi.
After the last stage of the Karabakh war came to an end, we had pointed out to the possibility of the war turning into oppression and massacre against the Armenian inhabitants of Karabakh/Artsakh. This possibility has turned into reality within only a short time. The Azerbaijani government is making a concerted effort for the military victory not to turn into a public relations disgrace. As we had explained in our previous article, the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev had declared shortly after the victory that he wanted to turn Karabakh into a paradise for the Armenian residents of the region also. Further, he allowed for observers from a host of Western countries and the United Nations to come to the region.
Karabağ savaşının son ayağı tamamlandıktan sonra, Gerçek gazetesi, bu savaşın Karabağ’ın Ermeni ahalisine karşı zulme ve katliama dönüşme ihtimaline dikkat çekmişti. Aradan geçen kısa sürede, bu ihtimal gerçekliğe dönmüş durumda. Ortada açıktan bir katliam olduğu gösterir hiçbir şey yok. Azerbaycan yönetimi, askerî zaferin bir halkla ilişkiler rezaletine dönmemesi için azami gayret gösteriyor. Bir önceki yazıda belirttiğimiz üzere, Azerbaycan zaferinin hemen ardından Cumhurbaşkanı İlham Aliyev, Karabağ’ı bu bölgede yaşayan Ermeniler için de cennete çevirmek istediğinden bahsetti. Dahası, bir dizi Batı ülkesinden ve Birleşmiş Milletler’den gözlemcilerin bölgeye gelmesini kabul etti.
Η φάση της ένοπλης σύγκρουσης του Τρίτου Πολέμου του Καραμπάχ έληξε γρήγορα. Τα πρώτα σημάδια της σύγκρουσης του Καραμπάχ είχαν εμφανιστεί πριν ακόμη καταρρεύσει η Σοβιετική Ένωση˙ αλλά έφτασε στο ζενίθ της μετατρεπόμενη σε ανοιχτό πόλεμο μεταξύ των δύο κρατών όταν η Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών –της οποίας τόσο το Αζερμπαϊτζάν όσο και η Αρμενία ήταν μέρη ως σοβιετικές δημοκρατίες– κατέρρευσε. Η Αρμενία είχε βγει με σίγουρη νίκη από αυτόν τον πρώτο πόλεμο, ειδικά λόγω του σχετικά μεγάλου αριθμού αρμενικών στρατευμάτων στις Σοβιετικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις. Από το τέλος αυτού του πρώτου πολέμου το 1994, παρόλο που το διεθνές δίκαιο έχει αναγνωρίσει την περιοχή του Ναγκόρνο-Καραμπάχ (της οποίας ο πληθυσμός είναι συντριπτικά Αρμένικος) ως έδαφος του Αζερμπαϊτζάν, οι γύρω διοικητικές μονάδες βρίσκονται υπό αρμενική κυριαρχία. Το ίδιο το Ναγκόρνο-Καραμπάχ κυβερνιόταν από μια Δημοκρατία του Ναγκόρνο-Καραμπάχ (ή στα Αρμενικά, Αρτσάχ), που διοικούνταν από δυνάμεις εθνικά αρμένικες και δεν αναγνωριζόταν από άλλα κράτη (κάτι παρόμοιο που έγινε με την “Τουρκική Δημοκρατία της Βόρειας Κύπρου”).
Üçüncü Qarabağ müharibəsinin qaynar münaqişə mərhələsi sürətlə başa çatdı. İlk əlamətləri hələ Sovet İttifaqı dağılmazdan əvvəl müşahidə olunan Qarabağ münaqişəsi (həm Azərbaycanın, həm Ermənistanın Sovet respublikaları kimi tərkib hissəsi olduğu) Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqının dağılması ilə iki dövlət arasındakı açıq müharibəyə çevrilərək pik həddinə çatmışdı. Bu ilk müharibədə Ermənistan xüsusilə Sovet Silahlı Qüvvələri daxilindəki erməni birliklərinin say üstünlüyü sayəsində aşkar bir qələbə qazanmışdı. 1994-cü ildə başa çatan bu müharibədən bəri beynəlxalq hüquq əhalisi əksərən erməni olan Dağlıq Qarabağı Azərbaycan torpağı kimi tanısa da, bölgəni əhatə edən inzibati vahidlər Ermənistan işğalı altında idi. Dağlıq Qarabağın özü isə digər dövlətlərin rəsmi şəkildə tanımadığı (Şimali Kipr Türk Respublikası kimi hesab edilə bilər), erməni qüvvələrin başçılıq etdiyi Dağlıq Qarabağ Respublikası və ya ermənicə desək, Artsax Respublikası tərəfindən idarə olunurdu
We are proud to present to our readers Issue No. 3 (18) for 2023 of Советское Возрождение. Бюллетень Ассоциации «Советский Союз» or in English Soviet Renaissance. Bulletin of the Association “Soviet Union”.
The Third Karabakh War, a conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, ended swiftly in 2020. The roots of the conflict trace back to the collapse of the Soviet Union, when both nations gained independence. Despite international law designating Nagorno-Karabakh as Azerbaijani territory, Armenian forces have held control over the region since 1994. Azerbaijan, supported by Turkey and Israel, shifted the military balance leading up to the 2020 war. In 2020, Azerbaijan capitalized on internal strife in Armenia and, with support from Turkey and Israel, achieved a significant victory.